The Markhor, Pakistan’s national animal, is a symbol of the country’s natural beauty, resilience, and strength. With its striking, spiral horns and graceful stature, the Markhor is one of the most distinctive and remarkable wild goats found in the mountainous regions of northern and western Pakistan. As a creature of both cultural significance and ecological importance, the Markhor represents Pakistan’s commitment to preserving its wildlife and natural heritage.

Physical Characteristics: Nature’s Masterpiece

The Markhor is renowned for its majestic, corkscrew-shaped horns, which can grow up to 1.5 meters (5 feet) in length in males. These horns are its most striking feature and distinguish it from other wild goats. The animal’s name, “Markhor,” is believed to be derived from the Persian words “Mar” (snake) and “Khor” (eater), referring to the belief that the animal has the ability to kill or fight off snakes, though this is more folklore than fact.

Male Markhors are larger than females, and their horns are more prominent and elaborately twisted. They also have a longer coat, especially during the colder months, with a thick beard that gives them a regal appearance. Females, while smaller and with less prominent horns, are equally agile and graceful.

Habitat: Mountainous Majesty

The Markhor thrives in rugged, mountainous terrains at elevations ranging from 600 to 3,600 meters (1,970 to 11,800 feet). It is primarily found in the northern and western regions of Pakistan, particularly in the Himalayas, Hindu Kush, and Karakoram mountain ranges. The provinces of Gilgit-Baltistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and parts of Balochistan serve as key habitats for these wild goats.

Adapted to the harsh, rocky landscapes of these regions, the Markhor is a skilled climber, able to traverse steep cliffs and narrow ridges with ease. This agility not only helps it evade predators but also aids in foraging for food in difficult terrain.

Conservation Status: A Story of Recovery

The Markhor was once on the brink of extinction, largely due to illegal hunting, habitat loss, and competition with domestic livestock. By the late 20th century, its population had dwindled alarmingly, and the species was classified as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

In response, the government of Pakistan, along with international conservation organizations, launched several initiatives to protect the Markhor. Strict hunting regulations were imposed, and community-led conservation programs were introduced. These efforts have been remarkably successful, leading to a gradual recovery in the Markhor population. In 2015, the IUCN downgraded the Markhor’s status from “endangered” to “near-threatened,” recognizing the positive impact of conservation efforts.

One of the most successful conservation models has been the community-based trophy hunting program. Local communities are given a quota for limited hunting permits, which are auctioned to international hunters. A significant portion of the revenue generated goes back to the local communities, providing them with a financial incentive to protect the Markhor and its habitat.

Cultural and National Significance

The Markhor holds a special place in the cultural and national identity of Pakistan. As the country’s national animal, it represents the resilience, strength, and beauty of Pakistan’s wilderness and people. Its unique appearance and ability to survive in challenging environments resonate with the values of courage and endurance.

In local folklore, the Markhor is often seen as a creature with mystical powers. The spiral horns are sometimes viewed as a symbol of wisdom and leadership, reflecting the Markhor’s status as the “king” of the mountain goats. Additionally, the animal is associated with bravery and strength, qualities that align with the spirit of Pakistan.

The image of the Markhor is also featured prominently in various emblems and logos throughout Pakistan, including the insignia of the Pakistan Army’s elite Special Services Group (SSG). Its representation in official symbols highlights the national pride and reverence the country has for this majestic animal.

Behavior and Diet: A Survivor of Harsh Environments

Markhors are primarily herbivores, feeding on grasses, leaves, and shrubs, depending on the season. During the summer, they graze on a variety of plants found in the high-altitude meadows. In the winter months, when food is scarce, they move to lower altitudes, foraging for any available vegetation, including leaves, twigs, and bark.

They are social animals, often found in small herds, typically consisting of females and their young. Males tend to be solitary, except during the mating season, when they join the herds to compete for mates. The rutting season, which occurs in the winter, is marked by intense competition among males, with dramatic horn clashes that can last for hours.

Challenges and Future of the Markhor

Despite the success of conservation efforts, the Markhor still faces significant challenges. Habitat loss due to deforestation, expanding agriculture, and infrastructure development continues to threaten the regions where they live. Additionally, climate change poses a long-term risk, potentially altering the ecosystems that support the Markhor.

Continued conservation efforts are crucial to ensuring the long-term survival of the Markhor. Sustainable management of its habitat, strict enforcement of anti-poaching laws, and ongoing community involvement in conservation programs are all vital to maintaining and expanding the Markhor population.

Conclusion: A Symbol of Pakistan’s Natural Heritage

The Markhor is more than just a wild goat; it is a symbol of Pakistan’s natural beauty and the country’s commitment to preserving its unique wildlife. Its recovery from the brink of extinction is a testament to the power of conservation and the importance of protecting the natural world for future generations. As Pakistan’s national animal, the Markhor stands as a proud representation of the country’s strength, resilience, and rich ecological heritage.

To see the Markhor thriving in the mountains of northern Pakistan is to witness nature at its most magnificent—a reminder of the beauty that still exists in our world and the responsibility we all share to protect it.

Nestled high in the northern reaches of Pakistan, the Deosai Plains stand as one of the most awe-inspiring and untamed landscapes on Earth. Known as the “Land of Giants,” these plains stretch across a vast plateau at an altitude of approximately 13,000 feet (4,000 meters) above sea level, making them one of the highest plateaus in the world. This unique natural wonder, located in the Gilgit-Baltistan region, offers a stunning blend of sweeping vistas, pristine wilderness, and rare wildlife, making it a true gem in Pakistan’s natural heritage.

A Natural Wonderland of Unparalleled Beauty

The Deosai Plains are often described as where the sky meets the earth, and for good reason. Standing on the vast expanse of the plateau, it feels as if you are at the very edge of the world, with nothing but the blue sky above and the sprawling grasslands below. The wide, open spaces are interrupted only by the occasional rolling hill, a distant snow-capped peak, or a river weaving its way through the landscape. The air is crisp and clear, and the silence of the plains is occasionally broken by the soft rustle of the wind or the distant call of a bird.

In the spring and summer months, Deosai transforms into a vibrant sea of wildflowers, with colorful blooms carpeting the plains as far as the eye can see. The sky remains an endless shade of blue, and at night, the starlit sky feels close enough to touch, offering some of the most incredible stargazing experiences anywhere in the world.

A Haven for Wildlife

One of the most remarkable aspects of the Deosai Plains is its rich biodiversity. It is home to a variety of rare and endangered species, most notably the Himalayan brown bear, which is found in very few places on Earth. Thanks to conservation efforts, the population of these bears is slowly recovering in the region. Visitors may also encounter other wildlife, including snow leopards, golden marmots, ibex, and a variety of birds, making it a haven for nature lovers and wildlife enthusiasts.

The Deosai National Park, established in 1993 to protect the wildlife and ecosystem of the region, plays a crucial role in preserving the unique flora and fauna that thrive in this high-altitude environment. The park is a testament to Pakistan’s commitment to conserving its natural heritage while allowing people to experience the wild beauty of the Deosai Plains.

Cultural and Historical Significance

The name “Deosai” translates to “Land of the Giants” in the local language, which is steeped in legend and folklore. Local myths tell of giants that once roamed the area, and this name adds a sense of mystique to the plains’ vast and otherworldly landscape.

For centuries, the Deosai Plains have also served as a natural boundary between the Karakoram and the western Himalayas. Historically, the area has been traversed by nomadic herders, and it still holds cultural significance for the indigenous communities that live in the surrounding valleys.

An Unforgettable Experience for Adventurers

Deosai is a dream destination for adventurers and outdoor enthusiasts. The rugged, untouched beauty of the plains provides a perfect setting for hiking, camping, and photography. Trekkers are drawn to the challenge of exploring the vast wilderness, where they can witness stunning landscapes and encounter rare wildlife in their natural habitat.

Sheosar Lake, located within the Deosai National Park, is one of the highest lakes in the world and a must-visit for travelers to the region. The serene, crystal-clear waters of the lake reflect the surrounding snow-capped peaks, creating a breathtaking view that is often considered one of the most beautiful in Pakistan.

Challenges and Conservation

Despite its beauty, the Deosai Plains face challenges from environmental changes and human activity. Climate change poses a significant threat to the delicate ecosystem of the region, affecting the wildlife and plant species that call Deosai home. Additionally, increased tourism has raised concerns about the impact on the environment. It is essential that conservation efforts continue to protect this fragile ecosystem for future generations to enjoy.

Conclusion: A Natural Wonder That Captures the Imagination

The Deosai Plains are more than just a natural wonder; they are a place where the raw beauty of the earth and sky come together in perfect harmony. Whether you’re standing on the vast plains gazing at the horizon, observing the rare wildlife, or camping under a blanket of stars, Deosai offers an experience like no other. It is a reminder of the untouched beauty that still exists in the world and the importance of preserving such places for the future. For those seeking adventure, tranquility, and a connection with nature, Deosai Plains is a must-visit destination—where the sky truly meets the earth, and nature’s breathtaking beauty is on full display

The Syrian land took the honor to produce intellects like Abu Abd Allah Muhammad Ibn Jabir Ibn Sinan Al-Battani Al-harrani As-Sabi. He was born around 858 and left the world in 929 near Iraq. The Muslim intellect had gained expertise in astronomy and mathematics and contributed to the world.

The astronomer Al-Battani worked in astronomy for 40 years and was able to produce data using simple instruments. He worked on the books of Ptolemy (Roman astronomer and mathematician) and refined the values for solar years and seasons of the year. The superman had corrected the minute difference. For instance, in Ptolemy’s book, the year length was given as (365 days, 5 hours, 55 minutes, and 12 seconds) while he calculated it as (365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, and 46 seconds). He also calculated 54.5 per year for the precession of the equinoxes and put the value of 23 35’ for the inclination of the ecliptic (O’Connor & Robertson, 1999).

Further, he was the foremost to explore Azimuth and Nadir and determined their points in the sky. It would not incorrect to call him the founder of astronomical basis which became a model for all the astronomers after him. Even today his works are used and acknowledged. As the French astronomer, Lalande said that Al-Battani is one of the astronomers’ leaders around the world.

Moreover, he had given a more accurate description of the motion of the sun and moon along with the motion of five planets. He never limited himself to observation but had written books as well. One of his books Al-Zij which contains mathematical tools to describe astronomical problems.

The astronomist Al-Battani had contributed to mathematics as well which is undeniable. His mathematical contribution is not limited to astronomy but is more valuable in the engineering field. He had made trigonometric functions like cosine, tangent, cotangent which are then assembled in technology. He had provided the table for cotangent.

Muslim scientists have served humanity from a time when there was no advancement but they brought it out for all. Today many Muslims do not know about the behind story of modern advancement. There should need to be research about all those legends who passed away millenniums ago but their works are still in use. We would like to thank them on behalf of the whole of humanity.