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Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta

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  Quick Facts
Other Name

​Location Coordinates
Faith
Category
Started Date
Completed Date
Order to Construct
Status
Architecture Style
Covered area
Dome(s)
Jama Masjid Thatta,Shahjahani Mosque,Badshahi Mosque Thatta
Thatta, Pakistan
24°44′49.62″N 67°55′40.08″E
Islam
Mosque
1644 A.D.
1647 A.D.
Mughal emperor Shah Jahan
Active
Islamic, Mughal
305′ x 170′
93

The Shah Jahan Mosque, also known as Jama Masjid, stands as an architectural marvel within Thatta, a city in Sindh province, Pakistan. This remarkable edifice, dating back to the reign of Mughal emperor Shah Jahan, has earned a place on the UNESCO World Heritage tentative list since 1993.

Nestled in Thatta, approximately 100 kilometers (60 miles) from Karachi, the Shah Jahan Mosque captivates with its exquisite architecture. Constructed using red bricks adorned with blue glaze tiles, believed to have been imported from Hala in Sindh, this mosque boasts an impressive count of 93 domes, making it the world’s largest mosque featuring such an abundance of domes. Its construction was meticulously designed to amplify acoustics; a speaker at one end of the dome can be distinctly heard at the other.

History Significance:

Commissioned by Emperor Shah Jahan, the mosque’s construction served as an expression of gratitude to the people of Thatta for providing refuge during the emperor’s youth after his father, Emperor Jahangir, exiled him from Delhi. Persian inscriptions on-site indicate the mosque’s foundation in 1644 and its completion in 1647. The floor was paved with stone in 1657. Repair work done during the seventies by the Endowment (Awqaf) Department added a garden to the eastern side.

Architecture:

The mosque, a heavy brick structure of simple construction built upon a stone plinth, with heavy  square pillars and massive walls, is centered around a courtyard 169′ X 97′. The prayer chamber is of  a similar size. Both are covered by large domes. On the north and south two aisled galleries open by  means of arcades onto the courtyard. Ninety three domes cover the entire structure, and are probably  the cause of a remarkable echo, which enables the prayers in front of the Mibrab to be heard in any  part of the building. The mosque contains the most elaborate display of tile-work in the Indo-Pakistan  sub-continent. The two main chambers, in particular, are entirely covered with them. Their domes have  been exquisitely laid with a mosaic of radiating blue and white tiles. Stylish floral patterns, akin the  seventeenth century Kashi work of Iran, decorate the spandrels of the main arches and elsewhere  geometrical designs on squThe mosque, a heavy brick structure of simple construction built upon a stone plinth, with heavy square pillars and massive walls, is centered around a courtyard 169′ X 97′. The prayer chamber is of a similar size. Both are covered by large domes. On the north and south two aisled galleries open by means of arcades onto the courtyard. Ninety three domes cover the entire structure, and are probably the cause of a remarkable echo, which enables the prayers in front of the Mibrab to be heard in any part of the building. The mosque contains the most elaborate display of tile-work in the Indo-Pakistan sub-continent. The two main chambers, in particular, are entirely covered with them. Their domes have been exquisitely laid with a mosaic of radiating blue and white tiles. Stylish floral patterns, akin the seventeenth century Kashi work of Iran, decorate the spandrels of the main arches and elsewhere geometrical designs on square tiles are disposed in a series of panels.are tiles are disposed in a series of panels.


Design:

Interior of mosqueThe freestanding entrance built for the new garden is defined by a triple arched structure that imitates the Mughal style of arches contained within rectangular frames, with the central portion being projected higher than the others. It is built on axis with the main entrance to the mosque. The new garden is an imitation of the four-quadrant chahar bagh style, through which one walks to reach the mosque. 
The monumental main entrance capped with a central domed chamber is approached through a rectangular vestibule. The mosque is organized along an open central courtyard that measures 164′ x 97′. Arcades of red brick arches highlighted with bands of white surround the courtyard and present a striking image. The main entrance is in the eastern portion and the secondary entrances are contained in the north and south portion. On the west side is the prayer hall housing the mihrab. The prayer hall is three bays deep on either side of the central mihrab chamber; the other three sides are only two bays deep on either side of the entrance iwans. Each bay is covered by a low dome, which adds up to 93 domes. The proportion of the aisle to the low domes enables an acoustic range that allows the prayers read in front of the mihrab to be heard in all parts of the mosque. The whole mosque measures 305′ x 170′. 
Other equally interesting modifications and experiments with Mughal style are also in evidence; for example, there is no minaret. Instead of the typical three bulbous domes, there is only one main dome in the prayer hall. The dome does not command a strong visual position, as it is completely concealed behind a tall semi-domed entrance (pistaq). The use of high pistaqs during the Takhan period of Thatta has been recorded and is also typical of the Timurid architecture. The concept of a domed iwan has been developed here and has been used to define the secondary entrances. 
The ablution pond is not located in the center of the courtyard. Instead, it is in a square courtyard located within the eastern portion of the mosque. The ablution courtyard was formerly accessible from an arched opening in the domed entrance chamber, but is now reached only from the eastern aisle. 
The Shah Jahan mosque represents the height of tile decoration in the Sind. The influence of mosaic on tile work is seen in the ceiling decoration of semi-domed and domed chambers, as well as in the fillings of interlaced arches and in the panels at squinch level. The technique of soft glazed tile paneling had been in use since the Tarkhan period. Various shapes of tiles – square, rectangular and hexagonal – were manufactured and joined to complete a design in a given panel. The tilework is not related to the imperial Mughal style, but to the Timurid school. Various shades of blue on white, and some yellow or purple background produce a very soothing effect in the hot climate of Thatta. 
The glittering star motif predominates, replacing the rosettes of other buildings in the Makli hills. These stars combine to make a floral pattern and when arranged in circles around a central round motif (usually representative of a sunflower), they actually represent a starry sky with all the stars moving round the sun. This new concept reveals Mughal influence in the types of of geometric lines that enclose these stars to make different patterns. An important Thatta landmark, this mosque has been restored and renovated. A conscious attempt has been made in the process of tile restoration to maintain the original style. This mosque remains a prime example of an imperial architectural form regionalized via the use of brick and Sind tilework. 


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Aik Qaum: The Fusion of Integrity and Patriotism

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We keep Integrity closest to our Heart and Patriotism on top of our mind.

Integrity and patriotism are not separate entities; they are intertwined in the soul of Pakistan. The people understand that to be a patriot is to uphold the principles of integrity. Honesty and love for one’s country are two sides of the same coin. Together, these values form the essence of “Aik Qaum.”

The fusion of integrity and patriotism is evident in the everyday lives of Pakistanis. It’s in the farmer toiling the fields, the teacher educating the youth, and the soldier guarding the borders. It’s in the child who dreams of a better Pakistan and the elderly who have seen the nation grow. “Aik Qaum” is the realization that integrity and patriotism are the heart and mind of Pakistan, beating in unison to guide the nation forward.

As we celebrate the spirit of “Aik Qaum,” we honor the values that make Pakistan a unique and resilient nation. Integrity and patriotism serve as our guiding stars, leading us towards a brighter and more prosperous future. In the heart of every Pakistani and at the forefront of their minds, “Aik Qaum” stands as a testament to the strength of a united nation, bound by the principles of integrity and the unyielding love for their homeland.

In Pakistan, “Aik Qaum” is not just a motto; it’s a way of life that embodies the enduring spirit of a proud and united nation.

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“AIK QAUM” DECLARATION OF CONCEPTION

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Our Initiative


The fabric of the Pakistani nation has something unique in its knit, something signature and so sanguine that could keep on energizing its very fibers irrespective of the floods of considerably tough challenges posed against it since its inception. There is also a belief that Pakistan has been blessed with such a golden glitter that couldn’t be ignored by any sensible system of reason and knowledge among the league of free, upright and kind nations. The credit goes to the amazing people of Pakistan. It is more exciting to find that the people of Pakistan, be it the businessmen, doctors, parents, soldiers, students, teachers, judges, labourers or lawyers etc, have assumed the duty bestowed upon them by the founder of the nation, Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah decades ago. Quaid once said “If you will work in cooperation, forgetting the past, burying the hatchet, you are bound to succeed.” At another occasion, Quaid summed this message up in just three words: Unity, Faith and Discipline. AIKQAUM.COM is an initiative built upon the idea of translating this vision of the founder of Pakistan, Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah into a fruitful action.
There is no power on earth that could restrict us from finding those beautiful commonalities among the people of this beautiful nation. It contends to promote the psyche morale of the Pakistani nation by addressing the issues instead of dodging them. We have a team of thorough professionals fully equipped to create unique platforms, forums and projects which will bring people closer on all sensitive issues related to our national identity and progress. We also have a strong support network for successful execution of all our campaigns in order to induce greater cohesion and the spirit of coexistence across the length and breadth of Pakistan. Coincidentally, we are living through an age of increased morphing of warfare in a world that’s once again moving from unipolar to a multipolar turf. The social, political, economic and technological factors shaping the evolution of warfare are being constantly experimented and employed in our own region. In a time of increased friction between regional powers and a heightened threat on the eastern border, Pakistan faces multiple challenges posed at its internal, external and economic security.
All these factors, blended with our archrival’s constant image building campaigns, a heavily funded lobbying in the West, the new Indo-US strategic alliance, as well as India’s ambition to start a space race, puts our nation on caution and throws immense burden of responsibility on our shoulders. We are witnessing a rise of sub conventional warfare fought with guns and bombs, but won on keyboards and drawing boards. AIKQAUM.COM aspires to be a strong force of defense against the subversive forces that are trying to malign Pakistan and hurt our interests in the region. We are fully trained and equipped to meet the challenges on the social and digital front.
www.aikqaum.com, info@aikqaum.com


Our Philosophy

VISION:

To create a social awareness about the values which join our nation together while countering anti-Pakistan narratives with logical and practical rationale.


MISSION:

To infuse a sense urgency for cohesion among all ethnic, political and religious schools of thought.


VALUES:

We keep integrity closest to our heart and patriotism on top of our mind. Our work ethics and commitment to our people shall empower us to achieve success in all our pursuits.

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The Chiltan Ibex: A Rare Treasure of Balochistan

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The Chiltan ibex (Capra aegagrus chiltanensis), a subspecies of the wild goat, is one of the most unique and endangered animals native to Pakistan. Found exclusively in the rocky highlands of the Chiltan range within the Hazarganji-Chiltan National Park in Balochistan, this elusive animal represents the region’s rich biodiversity and ecological heritage.

Physical Characteristics

The Chiltan ibex is a strikingly beautiful species, with a robust, muscular build perfectly suited for navigating steep and rocky terrains. Males are particularly distinctive, boasting impressive curved horns that can grow up to 30 inches (76 cm) in length. Their coat is light brown, with a darker stripe running along their back and legs, providing excellent camouflage in their arid mountainous habitat.

Females are smaller in size with shorter, more slender horns, and their coloration is less pronounced, blending seamlessly into their surroundings. This camouflage helps protect them and their offspring from predators such as wolves and large birds of prey.


Habitat and Range

The Chiltan ibex inhabits the rugged, semi-arid regions of the Chiltan range, located within the Hazarganji-Chiltan National Park, southwest of Quetta. These high-altitude areas, ranging from 1,500 to 3,200 meters above sea level, are characterized by rocky cliffs, sparse vegetation, and extreme weather conditions.

The ibex is well-adapted to this challenging environment, where it feeds on grasses, shrubs, and the leaves of juniper trees. Its ability to climb steep slopes and jump across narrow ledges gives it a unique advantage in escaping predators and surviving in such inhospitable terrain.


Behavior and Social Structure

Chiltan ibexes are diurnal, meaning they are active during the day. They are typically found in small groups, with herds consisting of females and their young. Males are more solitary, joining herds only during the breeding season, which occurs in the late autumn and winter months.

During this time, males engage in dramatic displays of strength to compete for mating rights, including horn clashing and dominance rituals. After a gestation period of around six months, females give birth to one or two kids in spring, when food availability is higher.


Conservation Status

The Chiltan ibex is classified as endangered due to its restricted range, habitat loss, and poaching. Habitat degradation caused by overgrazing, deforestation, and human encroachment poses significant threats to its survival.

Historically, the ibex faced heavy hunting pressure for its horns, considered a symbol of prestige, and for its meat. Although hunting is now banned in the national park, illegal poaching remains a concern.


Conservation Efforts

To protect the Chiltan ibex and its fragile ecosystem, the Hazarganji-Chiltan National Park was established in 1980. Spanning over 32,500 acres, the park provides a safe haven for the ibex and other wildlife, such as wolves, foxes, and birds of prey.

Conservation efforts include:

  1. Anti-Poaching Measures: Increased patrolling and strict enforcement of hunting bans have helped reduce poaching incidents.
  2. Habitat Restoration: Programs to control overgrazing and reforest juniper woodlands are underway to restore the ibex’s natural habitat.
  3. Public Awareness Campaigns: Local communities are being educated about the importance of biodiversity and the role of the Chiltan ibex in maintaining ecological balance.
  4. Eco-Tourism Initiatives: Promoting responsible tourism generates revenue for conservation projects and raises awareness about the ibex’s plight.

Ecological Importance

The Chiltan ibex plays a vital role in its ecosystem as both a grazer and prey species. By feeding on shrubs and grasses, it helps maintain vegetation balance, preventing overgrowth and contributing to soil health. At the same time, it serves as a food source for predators, sustaining the natural food chain.

Protecting the ibex is not just about saving a single species—it’s about preserving an entire ecosystem that supports numerous forms of life, from tiny insects to apex predators.


Cultural Significance

For the people of Balochistan, the Chiltan ibex is more than just a wild animal; it is a symbol of the region’s natural beauty and resilience. Local folklore often intertwines with the ibex, celebrating its agility and strength. The species also draws international attention, making it a flagship for wildlife conservation in Pakistan.


The Future of the Chiltan Ibex

While conservation efforts have shown promise, the Chiltan ibex remains vulnerable. Protecting this rare species requires continued collaboration between government agencies, conservation organizations, and local communities.

By safeguarding the Chiltan ibex, we not only preserve a unique animal but also protect the fragile ecosystem of Balochistan, ensuring that future generations can marvel at the beauty and resilience of this incredible species.


The Chiltan ibex is a testament to nature’s ability to adapt and survive in the harshest of environments. As efforts to protect it continue, this majestic animal stands as a beacon of hope for wildlife conservation in Pakistan.

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