Atta Shad: The Giant Literary Figure

Literature has always played a great role in preserving and sustaining the culture, tradition, civilization, and lifestyle of the people. It is about the taste of life. Literary figures are the icons of literature who produce and reproduce pieces of stuff and give it life. They are the most profound and kind figures of society. So, today we will meet with the literary giant of Balochistan, Atta Shad.

Early life

Atta Shad is considered to be the forerunner of modern Balochi poetry, Shad was also a noted researcher and a critic. Shad was born as Mohammad Ishaq, in a carpenter’s family in the Kech District of Balochistan, during the year 1939. He got his education from Balochistan.

As a Poet

The lively man started his poetic journey during the late fifties, under the pen name of Atta Shad. Shad used poetry to present the world solely through a subjective outlook. His poetry is heavily dotted with imagery and artistic expressions. Hence, his work draws upon raw emotions, evoking moods and ideas. Besides, Shad’s observant and sensitive nature allowed him to take inspiration from the locales of his province. One can notice a multitude of metaphors in his works referring to the weather, topographical diversity, and natural beauty of Balochistan.

Whereas, the trailblazing poet disregarded the norms of his times and carved a path of his own. During his era, the Baloch literary scene was divided into two main groups. First were the purists, who were of the opinion that the Balochi language should be limited to the Western dialect only, which was used in the regions of Siestan and Makran. According to them, any other dialect ought to be shunned. Second were the progressives, who were less concerned with the technicalities of the language and insisted on concentrating upon the political and economic notions discussed in the poetry.

However, Shad distanced himself from such a divide and refused to be an adherent of either of the thoughts. Instead, he developed his own manner of poetry. In the beginning, Shad took inspiration from Faiz Ahmad Faiz’s way of writing, but soon his personal style emerged. Another vital feature of his style of writing is the inclusion of different dialects of the Balochi language in his works. Such a practice was initially discouraged by the traditional poets of that period.

However, with the passage of time, Atta Shad, with his flavorful poetry, gained a respectable rank among his peers. That is why his poetry surpasses the conventional manner of being limited to a single region. Western romantic poets such as Shelly, T.S. Elliot, and Coleridge also significantly inspired Shad. Most likely that is the reason why some of his Balochi poetry oozes with romanticism. He was also among the pioneers of free verse in Balochi poetry. For such an act, he was oft-times deemed rebellious.

His Urdu Poetry

Atta Shad also penned down poems in the Urdu language. He added a unique layer to his Urdu poetry by infusing Balochi axioms into his writings. One may find references of famous Balochi fables and romantic legends such as “Hani o Shay Mureed” and “Lori” in his works. Contrastingly, while deliberating on the Baloch locales, he did not turn a blind eye to the atrocities borne by the province over the years. Some of his work was also influenced by the political and social developments that took place around him.

However, instead of taking on a descriptive tone to explore the socio-political issues, the poet chose to discuss such solemn matters in a rather enchanting manner. As a result, his writings are still capable of evoking the required reactions among his readers. It is interesting to know that although he penned down poems in both Urdu and Balochi languages. But he published only Urdu poetry books during his lifetime.

His collections of Balochi poetry were published after his demise. “Barfaag” and “Singaab” are the book titles of his Urdu poetry anthologies, while his well-known Balochi works include “Shap Sahar Andem” and “Rochgir”.

As a Prose writer

Although Atta Shad is primarily known for his works in the field of poetry, he also delved into prose and delivered some exceptional pieces. However, his stint in essay and article writing remained somewhat limited. Nevertheless, his prose writings are regarded as valuable contributions to Balochi literature.

His Versatility

Apart from his contributions in poetry and literature, the maestro continued to serve the State of Pakistan in various capacities during his lifespan. He held a total of thirteen high-profile positions at numerous government departments ranging from the departments of archaeology, and information to the departments of forests, and public relations. Moreover, Shad also worked for Radio Pakistan during the sixties. He wrote various plays for Pakistan Television. He represented the Balochi language in various countries across the world, such as Australia, China, Iran, United States, United Kingdom, Singapore, and Turkey.

His winning Awards

In recognition of his role in poetry in Urdu and Balochi languages, Sitara e Imtiaz and Presidential Pride of Performance were awarded to him. Several educational institutions have been constructed in his name as a tribute to his services to literature including Atta Shad English Language Institute and Atta Shad Academy, Turbat.

Moreover, some community places have also been named after him namely, Atta Shad Auditorium, Idara-e-Saqafat-e-Balochistan in Quetta, and Atta Shad Park in Turbat.

Passed Away

On February 13, 1997, Atta Shad left this world for his heavenly abode. He is buried in the Qasi graveyard of Quetta, Balochistan. Shad’s poetic works continue to assist as a connection between Balochi and Urdu poetry. It is not wrong to say that Atta Shad was a man ahead of his time. His genius was discovered much later than when it should have been. Another vital feature of his style of writing is the inclusion of different dialects of the Balochi language in his works.

One of the most geographically significant and awe-inspiring places on Earth lies in the northern region of Pakistan, where three of the world’s most iconic mountain ranges meet: the Himalayas, the Karakoram, and the Hindu Kush. This junction point, located near the city of Gilgit, is a rare and remarkable phenomenon, unmatched anywhere else in the world. The convergence of these mighty ranges has shaped the physical, cultural, and climatic landscape of the region, making it a globally significant site for mountaineers, geologists, and travelers alike.

The Great Mountain Ranges

1. The Himalayas: Stretching over 2,400 kilometers across five countries, the Himalayas are the tallest mountain range in the world. Home to the planet’s highest peak, Mount Everest (8,848 meters), the Himalayas are a symbol of grandeur and natural beauty. In Pakistan, the westernmost end of the Himalayan range can be seen, which includes notable peaks such as Nanga Parbat (8,126 meters), the world’s ninth-highest mountain. Known as the “Killer Mountain,” Nanga Parbat is one of the most formidable challenges for mountaineers.
2. The Karakoram Range: The Karakoram is arguably the most rugged and spectacular range, famed for its concentration of towering peaks. It contains K2 (8,611 meters), the second-highest mountain in the world and one of the most challenging climbs. The Karakoram range stretches over 500 kilometers and is home to some of the largest glaciers outside the polar regions, including the Baltoro Glacier and the Siachen Glacier. The Karakoram is known for its dramatic landscapes, with sharp ridges, ice-clad peaks, and deep valleys.
3. The Hindu Kush: Extending from central Afghanistan to northern Pakistan, the Hindu Kush range is famous for its historical and geopolitical significance. It has acted as a natural barrier between Central Asia and South Asia for centuries, influencing the movement of peoples, cultures, and armies. The highest peak in the range is Tirich Mir (7,708 meters), located in Pakistan’s Chitral district. The Hindu Kush is known for its rugged terrain and steep passes, and its name is often translated as “Killer of the Hindus,” referencing the harsh conditions of the region.

The Unique Convergence

The junction point of these three colossal ranges is located near the Karakoram Highway (KKH), particularly at a place called Jaglot, just south of Gilgit city in Gilgit-Baltistan. This geographical marvel, often referred to as the “Triple Point”, is where the edges of the Himalayas, Karakoram, and Hindu Kush come together. The area is flanked by mighty peaks and offers stunning views of the ranges that diverge from this unique location, each heading off in different directions.

The Indus River flows nearby, further enhancing the dramatic natural beauty of the region. It cuts through these mountain ranges, acting as a lifeline for the people of Pakistan and feeding into the plains of Punjab and Sindh. The Indus River has its source in the Tibetan Plateau and journeys through these formidable mountains before entering Pakistan.

Geological Significance

The convergence of the Himalayas, Karakoram, and Hindu Kush is not only a breathtaking sight but also a point of great geological interest. This junction marks the collision of tectonic plates – the Indian Plate colliding with the Eurasian Plate. This tectonic activity is responsible for the creation of the Himalayan range and the continued growth of the mountains. The region remains seismically active, with earthquakes being a frequent occurrence.

The Karakoram and Hindu Kush ranges, though younger than the Himalayas in geological terms, are part of the same complex tectonic history. The ongoing tectonic forces continue to shape the landscape, giving rise to steep peaks, deep valleys, and massive glaciers.

Cultural and Historical Importance

The junction of these three ranges is not just a meeting point of mountains but also a crossroads of cultures. Historically, the region has been a part of ancient trade routes, including the famous Silk Road, which connected the East with the West. Traders, pilgrims, and conquerors have passed through these mountains, leaving behind a rich cultural legacy.

The indigenous people of the region, including Baltis, Shins, and Wakhis, have lived in the shadow of these mountains for centuries. Their cultures and traditions have been shaped by the harsh yet beautiful environment, with a deep connection to the land. The strategic importance of the region has also made it a point of interest for many empires throughout history, including the Mughals, British Empire, and modern-day powers.

Tourism and Mountaineering

The junction point of the Himalayas, Karakoram, and Hindu Kush has become a popular destination for adventurers, trekkers, and nature enthusiasts. The Karakoram Highway, often called the eighth wonder of the world, is one of the highest paved roads on the planet and offers access to this unique geographical feature. The highway, which follows the ancient Silk Road, attracts tourists seeking to experience the majestic landscapes and the rugged beauty of northern Pakistan.

Mountaineers are drawn to the region because of its concentration of some of the world’s highest and most challenging peaks. The Baltoro Glacier trek and expeditions to K2 and Nanga Parbat are among the most coveted adventures in the mountaineering world. The region is also home to beautiful valleys such as Hunza, Skardu, and Chitral, which offer stunning landscapes, ancient forts, and a glimpse into the unique cultures of the people living in this remote part of the world.

Environmental Concerns

While the region’s natural beauty and ruggedness are appealing, the area is also fragile and under threat from climate change. The glaciers of the Karakoram, Himalayas, and Hindu Kush are crucial sources of fresh water for millions of people in Pakistan and beyond, feeding major rivers like the Indus. However, these glaciers are now receding at an alarming rate due to rising global temperatures.

Efforts are being made to study and preserve the environment, but the challenges posed by climate change are significant. Sustainable tourism, environmental conservation, and responsible development are essential to ensuring that this unique region continues to thrive for future generations.

Conclusion

The junction point of the Himalayas, Karakoram, and Hindu Kush in northern Pakistan is a natural wonder of global significance. The convergence of these three mighty ranges represents the meeting of some of the most formidable and spectacular mountains in the world. Beyond its geographical and geological importance, the region is a cultural crossroads, a mountaineer’s paradise, and a crucial environmental zone.

As the “Roof of the World,” this part of Pakistan stands as a testament to the planet’s natural beauty and the enduring spirit of adventure that draws people to its towering peaks and vast landscapes.

The Markhor, Pakistan’s national animal, is a symbol of the country’s natural beauty, resilience, and strength. With its striking, spiral horns and graceful stature, the Markhor is one of the most distinctive and remarkable wild goats found in the mountainous regions of northern and western Pakistan. As a creature of both cultural significance and ecological importance, the Markhor represents Pakistan’s commitment to preserving its wildlife and natural heritage.

Physical Characteristics: Nature’s Masterpiece

The Markhor is renowned for its majestic, corkscrew-shaped horns, which can grow up to 1.5 meters (5 feet) in length in males. These horns are its most striking feature and distinguish it from other wild goats. The animal’s name, “Markhor,” is believed to be derived from the Persian words “Mar” (snake) and “Khor” (eater), referring to the belief that the animal has the ability to kill or fight off snakes, though this is more folklore than fact.

Male Markhors are larger than females, and their horns are more prominent and elaborately twisted. They also have a longer coat, especially during the colder months, with a thick beard that gives them a regal appearance. Females, while smaller and with less prominent horns, are equally agile and graceful.

Habitat: Mountainous Majesty

The Markhor thrives in rugged, mountainous terrains at elevations ranging from 600 to 3,600 meters (1,970 to 11,800 feet). It is primarily found in the northern and western regions of Pakistan, particularly in the Himalayas, Hindu Kush, and Karakoram mountain ranges. The provinces of Gilgit-Baltistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and parts of Balochistan serve as key habitats for these wild goats.

Adapted to the harsh, rocky landscapes of these regions, the Markhor is a skilled climber, able to traverse steep cliffs and narrow ridges with ease. This agility not only helps it evade predators but also aids in foraging for food in difficult terrain.

Conservation Status: A Story of Recovery

The Markhor was once on the brink of extinction, largely due to illegal hunting, habitat loss, and competition with domestic livestock. By the late 20th century, its population had dwindled alarmingly, and the species was classified as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

In response, the government of Pakistan, along with international conservation organizations, launched several initiatives to protect the Markhor. Strict hunting regulations were imposed, and community-led conservation programs were introduced. These efforts have been remarkably successful, leading to a gradual recovery in the Markhor population. In 2015, the IUCN downgraded the Markhor’s status from “endangered” to “near-threatened,” recognizing the positive impact of conservation efforts.

One of the most successful conservation models has been the community-based trophy hunting program. Local communities are given a quota for limited hunting permits, which are auctioned to international hunters. A significant portion of the revenue generated goes back to the local communities, providing them with a financial incentive to protect the Markhor and its habitat.

Cultural and National Significance

The Markhor holds a special place in the cultural and national identity of Pakistan. As the country’s national animal, it represents the resilience, strength, and beauty of Pakistan’s wilderness and people. Its unique appearance and ability to survive in challenging environments resonate with the values of courage and endurance.

In local folklore, the Markhor is often seen as a creature with mystical powers. The spiral horns are sometimes viewed as a symbol of wisdom and leadership, reflecting the Markhor’s status as the “king” of the mountain goats. Additionally, the animal is associated with bravery and strength, qualities that align with the spirit of Pakistan.

The image of the Markhor is also featured prominently in various emblems and logos throughout Pakistan, including the insignia of the Pakistan Army’s elite Special Services Group (SSG). Its representation in official symbols highlights the national pride and reverence the country has for this majestic animal.

Behavior and Diet: A Survivor of Harsh Environments

Markhors are primarily herbivores, feeding on grasses, leaves, and shrubs, depending on the season. During the summer, they graze on a variety of plants found in the high-altitude meadows. In the winter months, when food is scarce, they move to lower altitudes, foraging for any available vegetation, including leaves, twigs, and bark.

They are social animals, often found in small herds, typically consisting of females and their young. Males tend to be solitary, except during the mating season, when they join the herds to compete for mates. The rutting season, which occurs in the winter, is marked by intense competition among males, with dramatic horn clashes that can last for hours.

Challenges and Future of the Markhor

Despite the success of conservation efforts, the Markhor still faces significant challenges. Habitat loss due to deforestation, expanding agriculture, and infrastructure development continues to threaten the regions where they live. Additionally, climate change poses a long-term risk, potentially altering the ecosystems that support the Markhor.

Continued conservation efforts are crucial to ensuring the long-term survival of the Markhor. Sustainable management of its habitat, strict enforcement of anti-poaching laws, and ongoing community involvement in conservation programs are all vital to maintaining and expanding the Markhor population.

Conclusion: A Symbol of Pakistan’s Natural Heritage

The Markhor is more than just a wild goat; it is a symbol of Pakistan’s natural beauty and the country’s commitment to preserving its unique wildlife. Its recovery from the brink of extinction is a testament to the power of conservation and the importance of protecting the natural world for future generations. As Pakistan’s national animal, the Markhor stands as a proud representation of the country’s strength, resilience, and rich ecological heritage.

To see the Markhor thriving in the mountains of northern Pakistan is to witness nature at its most magnificent—a reminder of the beauty that still exists in our world and the responsibility we all share to protect it.