Ranikot Fort, often dubbed as the “Great Wall of Sindh,” is one of Pakistan’s most fascinating and enigmatic historical landmarks. Situated near the town of Sann in Jamshoro District, Sindh, the fort is recognized as one of the largest in the world, with a perimeter of around 32 kilometers (20 miles). Despite its immense size and strategic location, much about its origins remains a mystery, adding to its allure and significance as a cultural and historical monument.

Historical Background

Ranikot Fort is believed to have been originally constructed in the first half of the 17th century, though there are varying accounts about its exact origins. Some historians suggest that it may date back even further, to the reign of the Sassanian Empire or earlier. It was later renovated and expanded during the rule of the Talpur Mirs in the early 19th century, as they sought to fortify their domain against external threats.

The purpose of the fort, however, remains unclear. While some believe it was built as a defense against invasions, others argue that it was a means of securing trade routes or serving as a safe haven for local rulers. The lack of any major historical records associated with significant battles or sieges at Ranikot adds to the ambiguity surrounding its function.

Architectural Marvel

The scale of Ranikot is staggering, covering an area of approximately 32 square kilometers. The fort’s massive walls snake across the barren landscape, resembling the Great Wall of China, with which it is often compared. Constructed from limestone and sandstone, the fort’s walls rise up to 6 meters (20 feet) in height and are punctuated by several bastions and watchtowers.

Ranikot has four main gates: Sann Gate, Amri Gate, Shah-Pere Gate, and Mohan Gate, each offering access to different sections of the fort. The Sann Gate, located on the eastern side, is the main entrance and is notable for its intricate design and stonework.

Within the fort’s vast expanse lies another fortification known as the “Meeri” or “Mirikot,” a small fort within the larger walls that served as the residence of the Talpur Mirs. This inner fort has its own gates and walls, adding an additional layer of defense. The Meeri Fort is perched on a hill, providing a commanding view of the surrounding landscape.

The Great Wall of Sindh

The fort’s walls, stretching across the arid hills, resemble a smaller version of the Great Wall of China. This feature has earned Ranikot the nickname “The Great Wall of Sindh.” The zigzagging walls extend for miles, blending into the rocky terrain, and are a stunning sight, especially at sunrise or sunset when the golden light casts long shadows over the surrounding desert.

Unlike the Great Wall of China, however, Ranikot is not located in a highly populated or strategically important area. Its remote location has contributed to the fort’s air of mystery, as well as its relative obscurity in the global historical and architectural landscape.

Mysteries and Theories

The true purpose of Ranikot Fort is still shrouded in mystery. Scholars and historians have proposed various theories about why it was built, ranging from a defense structure against invasions from Central Asia to a royal retreat for the Talpur dynasty. Some suggest that it was intended to protect the local population from bandits and raiders, while others believe it may have been a strategic point for controlling trade routes passing through the region.

One of the most intriguing aspects of Ranikot is the lack of significant historical records or evidence of major battles taking place there. Its size and scale suggest that it must have had some important function, yet it remains an enigma to this day.

Cultural Significance

Ranikot Fort is not only an architectural marvel but also a cultural treasure. It stands as a testament to the rich history of Sindh, a region that has been home to ancient civilizations, including the Indus Valley Civilization. The fort’s design reflects the influences of various dynasties and cultures that have ruled over Sindh, from the Greeks and Mauryas to the Mughals and Talpurs.

In modern times, Ranikot has gained recognition as a symbol of Sindh’s historical heritage. The fort has been nominated for inclusion in UNESCO’s World Heritage Sites list, which would help preserve and promote this incredible site on a global stage.

The Changa Manga Forest, located in Pakistan’s Punjab province, is one# of the most impressive 12,000 hectares (47 square miles), this man-made wonder is not only the world’s largest artificial forest but also a symbol of Pakistan’s commitment to environmental conservation, biodiversity, and reforestation.

The Origin Story: An Ingenious Solution

The Changa Manga forest was established in 1866 by the British, primarily to meet the growing demand for timber to fuel the expanding railway system of the Indian subcontinent. The British colonial government realized that they needed a sustainable source of wood to produce railway sleepers, which led to the creation of this artificial forest. Located 70 kilometers southwest of Lahore, the forest was named after two legendary bandits, Changa and Manga, who once roamed the area.

A Testament to Human Ingenuity

The forest was not grown naturally but was planted in a planned and systematic manner, transforming barren land into a thriving forest ecosystem. The efforts undertaken in the 19th century remain a testament to human ingenuity and the power of reforestation. Over the years, Changa Manga has grown into a dense forest that supports a variety of trees, plants, and wildlife, creating a self-sustaining ecosystem.

A Hub of Biodiversity

Today, the Changa Manga Forest is a biodiversity hotspot, home to an incredible array of flora and fauna. Eucalyptus, shisham, and mulberry trees dominate the landscape, providing shelter and sustenance to numerous animal species. Wildlife such as deer, wild boars, jackals, and a variety of bird species thrive in this carefully nurtured habitat.

The forest is also known for its role in producing honey, an industry that thrives due to the variety of flowering plants. Additionally, medicinal plants are cultivated here, further contributing to the forest’s economic and environmental importance.

Environmental and Economic Impact

The significance of Changa Manga extends beyond its natural beauty. The forest plays a vital role in carbon sequestration, helping to mitigate the effects of climate change by absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. It also helps in soil conservation, groundwater recharge, and the regulation of local climate conditions.

Economically, the forest is an important resource for timber and wood-based industries, generating revenue while supporting sustainable forestry practices. The honey and medicinal plant industries further add to its economic contributions. Additionally, the forest offers a recreation area for eco-tourism, attracting nature lovers, students, and researchers.

Challenges and Conservation Efforts

Despite its significance, Changa Manga has faced challenges, particularly deforestation and illegal logging. Urban encroachment and exploitation of its resources have also threatened its sustainability. However, conservation efforts have been initiated by both governmental and non-governmental organizations to protect this valuable forest. Reforestation drives and strict regulations on logging have been put in place to ensure that Changa Manga continues to thrive.

A Tourist Haven

Changa Manga is not just an ecological asset but also a recreational haven for tourists. The forest offers a variety of activities such as boating, bird watching, picnicking, and horse riding, making it a popular weekend destination for locals. The Changa Manga Wildlife Park within the forest is another attraction, housing a variety of animals and providing educational opportunities for visitors interested in nature and conservation.

Conclusion: A Legacy of Green

Changa Manga stands as a living example of the possibilities of human intervention in nature for the greater good. It not only provides resources and a livelihood for many but also acts as a green lung for the region, contributing to environmental sustainability. As the world grapples with climate change and deforestation, Changa Manga offers hope and inspiration for reforestation efforts globally.

The Changa Manga Forest, a man-made wonder, is a lasting legacy of foresight, environmental stewardship, and the power of human effort to shape a greener, more sustainable future.

Oh..! How to exclude Hunza Valley when there is a discussion about tourism? It is the hub of tourist spots. Every single area of this valley is full of breathtaking and left with astonishment and surprise. Its beauty is undesirable so let me tell you about its direction. The valley of Hunza is situated at the bank of the Hunza River in the northern part of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. It is bordering with Ishkoman to the northwest, Shigar to the southeast. Afghanistan’s Wakhan Corridor touches it in the north and the Xinjiang region of China to the northeast.

However, the Hunza Valley is at an altitude of 2,438 meters (7,999 feet). Geographically, Hunza consists of three regions: Upper Hunza (Gojal), Central Hunza, and Lower Hunza (“Shinaki”). And of these divisions have their own nature spots. The inscribed mountains and hills tell the tale of ancient times. People are as natural as the place. The whole valley enshrined you with love and care. You might think why to visit Hunza valley so here are the reasons.

Why have a visit to Hunza Valley?

Height is always a fascination to man so Hunza has got the natural height. There are many high peaks above 7000m in the surrounding of the Hunza Valley including these Rakaposhi 7,788 m (25,551 ft), Ultar Sar 7,388 m (24,239 ft), Bojahagur Duanasir II 7,329 m (24,045 ft), Diran peak (7,266), Spantik (7027m), Ghenta Peak 7,090 m (15,631 ft), Hunza Peak 6,270 m (20,571 ft), Darmyani Peak 6,090 m (19,980 ft), and Bublimating (Ladyfinger Peak) 6,000 m (19,685 ft).

Besides this, you can find some more like Distaghil Sar, Batura, Batura II, Batura III, Muchu Chhish, Kunyang Chhish, shispare, Passu Sar, Kanjut Sar, Yukshin Gardan Sar, Pumari Chhish, Momhil Sar. 

However, man is also interested to know about his history. So you can find different castles and inscribed mountains and stupas that tell more about history. You must have to visit the castle of Baltit, above Karimabad, which is a Hunza landmark built about 800 years ago. Stilted on massive legs, its wooden bay windows look out over the valley. Originally, it was used as the residence of the Mirs (the title of the former rulers) of Hunza.

Other than this Hunza Valley is also host to the ancient watchtowers in Ganish, Baltit Fort, and Altit Fort. Watchtowers are located in heart of Ganish Village. Baltit Fort stands on top of Karimabad whereas Altit Fort lies at the bottom of the valley. Dating back to the 8th century AD, a huge Buddha figure surrounded by small Buddhisatvas is carved on a rock. Pre-historic men and animal figures are carved on rocks along the valley. Some lakes like Attabad Lake, Borith Lake, Shimshal Lakes, Hassanabad Lake are located in Hunza.

After that, you can go a beautiful evening visit to Khunjerab Pass that is a 4,693-meter-high mountain pass in the Karakoram Mountains. It is in a strategic position on the northern border of Pakistan and on the southwest border of China is also located in Hunza. Moreover, Hunza is the best place for hiking. You can hike up and down on the Ondra Poygah Gulmit and Leopard Trek Shiskhat.

The beauty is not just inside the valley but also on the ways towards it. One can witness the 57 km long Batura Glacier, the fifth-longest glacier in the world outside the polar region, surrounded by Shispare, Batura, and Kumpirdior peaks. Upon reaching Sost one can continue the journey up to Khunzhrav or turn west to the Chipursan (also Chapursan) Valley. In Yarzerech (also Yarzirich), one can have a look at Kundahill peak (6,000 m), or trek along the Rishepzhurav to the Kundahill. Beyond Yarzerech, one can travel further to Lupghar, Raminj, Reshit, Yishkuk up to Bobo Ghundi (Oston), the shrine of Baba-e-Ghund, a saint from Afghanistan near the border between Pakistan and the Wakhan region of Afghanistan.

This is all about Hunza Valley and now you need to know about the routes so that you can reach your destination of natural beauty.

Ways to Hunza Valley

The journey is a bit long but not tiring for nature lovers. There are two methods that you can take for your tour to Hunza. First, if you want to go by air then it will land you at the airport of Gilgit because there is no airport in the Hunza valley. From Gilgit, you can hire a tax and easily reach the valley of worldly heaven.  Secondly, you have the option of by road transportation. And for that again there are two routes one is through Kohistan in KPK and the other, which is the shorter one through the Babusar Top all the way from Naran. It is up to you whether you want to avail the of public transport or to hire a cab for you.  The distance is about 582 km from Islamabad to Hunza.

Suggestion

The government needs to promote tourism and should facilitate the people in their visits to tourist spots. This can boost the economy of Pakistan.

Book your seats and enjoy your trip.